Some Sony CDs were pressed with hijack software to rootkit the PC to prevent ripping (a seriously dangerous security issue, beware!). Others have a misdirection track that prevents ripping (which can be defeated with AnyDVD or similar, sometimes with a felt pen mark on that track). They can only be ripped in a less stringent mode that is not bit perfect, AFAIK.

Some CDs are designed with deliberate errors to prevent ripping. Nor can invisible oxidisation of the aluminium layer due to leaky label lacquer (rare, but documented, especially with some factories in the 1980's where there were some teething troubles later solved). Pinholes in older CDs and other pressing faults, or scratches on label side cannot be overcome if large enough to be uncorrectable. Scratches can be polished out (data side only). They can look perfectly clean, but not read properly until after they are cleaned. It's like some CDs have an invisible coating that blocks the IR laser, maybe a mold release residue or antistatic coating that ages badly, or an atmospheric contaminant film that builds up with age.

Even misting with breath and a gentle wipe can make a surprising difference.

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